Acne inversa, or hidradenitis suppurativa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes painful and reoccurring abscesses. The PSEN1 gene is responsible for the instructions to the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cleaving other proteins to form peptides. Acne inversa occurs when the Notch signaling pathway of PSEN1 is disrupted. Analysis of multiple pathogenicity predictors and simulated aqueous environments of the transmembrane protein in its native state and mutated state through molecular dynamics simulation predicted deleterious effects from swap of tyrosine to cysteine at the highly conserved and buried position 189.
","acknowledgements":"","authors":[{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["dataCuration","formalAnalysis","investigation","methodology","validation","visualization","writing_originalDraft"],"email":"kgrissom3@una.edu","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Grissom","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama"],"departments":["Mathematics",""],"credit":["methodology","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","project","resources","software","dataCuration"],"email":"clstenger@una.edu","firstName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Stenger","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0001-7014-4243"},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"luptain@una.edu","firstName":"Lydia","lastName":"Uptain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":null,"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 2120918. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/436f96f04ceacee31bcc79f385b0664a.png"},"imageCaption":"A) 3D model of PSEN1 with transmembrane code generated in YASARA. The positions of Y159C (known pathogenic) and Y189C (VUS under study) are shown directly outside of the transmembrane region. B) PSEN1 YASARA model. The top right image shows the native type in gray, and the bottom right image shows VUS Y189C in blue, found at the end of an alpha helix region. This YASARA model used a PDB file from UniProt (AF-A0A024R6A3-F1) and the swap feature in YASARA (Ahmad et al., 2025). C) ConSurf model of PSEN1 with the darker pink regions indicating higher conservation. VUS Y189C (see arrow) is found to be at level 8 on the conservation scale (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). D) Analysis of in-silico pathogenicity predictor tools SIFT, PolyPhen-2, REVEL, Meta LR, and Mutation Assessor from the Ensembl database (Harrison et al., 2024). Normalized scores reflect predictions of pathogenicity between a known benign variant in green, known pathogenic variant in red, and VUS in blue. The VUS Y189C has an equal or higher pathogenicity score compared to the known pathogenic variant across all predictor tools. E) The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results of the 20 nanosecond (ns) molecular dynamics simulation using a transmembrane model show the movement of the VUS Y189C (in blue) similar to the pathogenic variant Y159C (in red), rather than the native type (in gray) (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009).
","imageTitle":"Characterization of Y189C
","methods":"Acne inversa is commonly associated with genetic variations of PSEN1; PSEN1 was chosen due to the high frequency of related clinical submissions in Simple ClinVar (Perez-Palma et al., 2019). Variants of PSEN1 were analyzed and the VUS resulting from a missense swap of tyrosine to cysteine at position 189 (Y189C) was chosen for study due to its structural nature, its structural similarities to Y159C, already classified as pathogenic (Bagaria et al., 2022), and its known association with acne inversa [accession ID - rcv001325814.7] (Chen et al., 2024). ConSurf modeling predicted conservation scores for position 189 over 150 homologues (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Multiple pathogenicity predictor scores from a known benign, a known pathogenic, and VUS Y189C were normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 1, 0 indicating more benign and 1 indicating more pathogenic (Harrison et al., 2024). To further investigate the structural impact of the variant, compared to the native type and to a known pathogenic missense swap, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were generated. Program inputs for the three-dimensional PSEN1 structure were formed from the alpha fold model AF-A0A024R6A3-F1 using the YASARA program (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009). The three-dimensional structures for the unclassified variant Y189C and the pathogenic variant Y159C were formed by replacing the respective residue in the native protein structure (P49768-1) found in UniProt (Ahmad et al., 2025). Molecular dynamics with added transmembrane code inputs were set to simulate the movement of the protein over 20 nanoseconds in an aqueous environment. The RMSD values were found over time to visualize structural changes (Figure 1E). These methods support further experimental studies to validate these findings in the context of acne inversa pathology.
","reagents":"","patternDescription":"The PSEN1 gene executes instructions for creating the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cutting apart other proteins to form peptides (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013a). The gamma-secretase complex is an important part of cell signaling pathways, including processing the amyloid precursor protein (associated with Alzheimer’s disease) and the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signaling pathway disruption due to mutations in PSEN1 contributes to the expression of acne inversa. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for the maintenance of the inner and outer root sheath in hair follicles and skin; disruption can result in abnormal skin cells and hair follicle growth, leading to physical abnormalities on the skin (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013b). Acne inversa is recognized as contributing to the lowest quality of life compared to other dermatological disorders such as Dowling Degos Disease, Adams-Oliver Syndrome, Psoriasis, and Atopic Dermatitis (Brandão et al., 2021). Diagnosis leads to an increased comorbidity rate with mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression), a negative body image, and increased emotional difficulty for those diagnosed (Machado et al., 2019; Vellaichamy et al., 2021).
Using data collected from gnomAD, variant Y189C was selected because of its association with acne inversa and location outside the transmembrane (Figure 1A) (Chen et al., 2024). The swap from tyrosine to cysteine is a polar to nonpolar swap (Figure 1B) that occurs in a highly conserved area (Figure 1C). This swap also includes potential major structural changes, as the swap to cysteine adds disulfide bridges in the structure that were not previously there. ConSurf conservation analysis confirmed that a mutation in position 189 would be impactful on the structure and function of the protein, as it showed position 189 to be highly conserved and buried (Figure 1C) (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Pathogenicity predictions from ConSurf have been shown to correlate well with in vitro results (Gay et al., 2024). Normalized scores from multiple in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools found the VUS comparable to a known pathogenic (disease-causing) variant, and dissimilar to a known benign (not known to be disease-causing) variant (Figure 1D). A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was used to simulate the movement of the native type and VUS, along with a known pathogenic variant of the same amino acid swap in an aqueous environment over 20 ns. The simulation showed that there is similarity in movement from the backbone for the selected VUS and the known pathogenic, when compared to the native type. This indicates that there may be structural impacts similar to the known pathogenic variant that may lead to significant functional changes (Figure 1E). These results should motivate future investigations to further characterize unknown variants, leading to more knowledgeable patient diagnosis and the development of treatments or therapies for those with acne inversa.
","references":[{"reference":"Ahmad S, Jose da Costa Gonzales L, Bowler-Barnett EH, Rice DL, Kim M, Wijerathne S, et al., Zhang. 2025. The UniProt website API: facilitating programmatic access to protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 53: W547-W553.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf394"},{"reference":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. 2022. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 23(18): 10.3390/ijms231810970.
","pubmedId":"36142879","doi":""},{"reference":"Brandão LAC, Tricarico PM, Gratton R, Agrelli A, Zupin L, Abou-Saleh H, Moura R, Crovella S. 2021. Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 1523.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22041523"},{"reference":"Chen S, Francioli LC, Goodrich JK, Collins RL, Kanai M, Wang Q, et al., Karczewski. 2023. A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes. Nature 625: 92-100.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06045-0"},{"reference":"Gay C, Watford S, Johnson EB. 2024. Comparison of Variants of Uncertain Significance in Three Regions of the Human Glucokinase Protein Using In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus 16(9): e68638.
","pubmedId":"39371753","doi":""},{"reference":"Harrison PW, Amode MR, Austine-Orimoloye O, Azov AG, Barba M, Barnes I, et al., Yates. 2023. Ensembl 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52: D891-D899.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkad1049"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2015. New ways to boost molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 36: 996-1007.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/jcc.23899 "},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2014. YASARA View—molecular graphics for all devices—from smartphones to workstations. Bioinformatics 30: 2981-2982.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu426"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Joo K, Lee J, Lee J, Raman S, Thompson J, et al., Karplus. 2009. Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side‐chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77: 114-122.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"77:114-122.10.1002/prot.22570"},{"reference":"Landau M, Mayrose I, Rosenberg Y, Glaser F, Martz E, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. 2005. ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W299-W302.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki370"},{"reference":"Machado MO, Stergiopoulos V, Maes M, Kurdyak PA, Lin PY, Wang LJ, et al., Carvalho AF. 2019. Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 155(8): 939-945.
","pubmedId":"31166590","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 22(3): 172-7.
","pubmedId":"23489419","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch signalling: the unifying mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Br J Dermatol 168(4): 876-8.
","pubmedId":"23020871","doi":""},{"reference":"Pérez-Palma E, Gramm M, Nürnberg P, May P, Lal D. 2019. Simple ClinVar: an interactive web server to explore and retrieve gene and disease variants aggregated in ClinVar database. Nucleic Acids Research 47: W99-W105.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkz411"},{"reference":"Vellaichamy G, Dimitrion P, Zhou L, Ozog D, Lim HW, Liao W, Hamzavi IH, Mi QS. 2021. Insights from γ-Secretase: Functional Genetics of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 141(8): 1888-1896.
","pubmedId":"33836848","doi":""},{"reference":"Yariv B, Yariv E, Kessel A, Masrati G, Chorin AB, Martz E, et al., Ben‐Tal. 2023. Using evolutionary data to make sense of macromolecules with a “face‐lifted” ConSurf. Protein Science 32: 10.1002/pro.4582.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/pro.4582"}],"title":"In-silico characterization of PSEN1 missense variants associated with acne inversa
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Jenna Ridlen"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}},{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Walter Novak"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"455eae05-bed2-4cc8-b482-3e2244242704","decision":"accept","abstract":"Acne inversa, or hidradenitis suppurativa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes painful and reoccurring abscesses. The PSEN1 gene is responsible for the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cleaving multiple peptides. Acne inversa occurs when the Notch signaling pathway of PSEN1 is disrupted. Analysis of multiple pathogenicity predictors and simulated aqueous environments of the transmembrane protein in its native state and mutated state through molecular dynamics simulation predicted deleterious effects from swap of tyrosine to cysteine at the highly conserved and buried position 189.
","acknowledgements":"","authors":[{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["dataCuration","formalAnalysis","investigation","methodology","validation","visualization","writing_originalDraft"],"email":"kgrissom3@una.edu","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Grissom","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Mathematics",""],"credit":["methodology","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","project","resources","software","dataCuration"],"email":"clstenger@una.edu","firstName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Stenger","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0001-7014-4243"},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"luptain@una.edu","firstName":"Lydia","lastName":"Uptain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0008-0478-6692"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 2120918. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/260e4e2331f63ff163affcc1c3827bdb.jpg"},"imageCaption":"A) 3D model of PSEN1 with transmembrane code generated in YASARA. The positions of Y159C (known pathogenic) and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) Y189C are shown directly outside of the transmembrane region. B) PSEN1 YASARA model. The top right image shows the native type in gray, and the bottom right image shows VUS Y189C in blue, found at the end of an alpha helix region. This YASARA model used a PDB file from UniProt (AF-A0A024R6A3-F1) and the swap feature in YASARA (Ahmad et al., 2025). C) ConSurf model of PSEN1 with the darker pink regions indicating higher conservation. VUS Y189C (see arrow) is found to be at level 8 on the conservation scale (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). D) Analysis of in-silico pathogenicity predictor tools SIFT, PolyPhen-2, REVEL, Meta LR, and Mutation Assessor from the Ensembl database (Harrison et al., 2024). Normalized scores reflect predictions of pathogenicity between a known benign variant in green, known pathogenic variant in red, and VUS in blue. The VUS Y189C has an equal or higher pathogenicity score compared to the known pathogenic variant across all predictor tools. E) The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results of the 20 nanosecond (ns) molecular dynamics simulation using a transmembrane model showed the movement of the VUS Y189C (in blue) is significantly closer in deviation to the movement of the pathogenic variant Y159C (in red) when compared to the movement of the the native type (in gray) (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009).
","imageTitle":"Characterization of Y189C
","methods":"Acne inversa is commonly associated with genetic variations of PSEN1; PSEN1 was chosen due to the high frequency of related clinical submissions in Simple ClinVar (Perez-Palma et al., 2019). Variants of PSEN1 were analyzed and the VUS resulting from a missense swap of tyrosine to cysteine at position 189 (Y189C) was chosen for study due to its structural nature, its structural similarities to Y159C, already classified as pathogenic (Bagaria et al., 2022), and its known association with acne inversa [accession ID - rcv001325814.7] (Chen et al., 2024). ConSurf modeling predicted conservation scores for position 189 over 150 homologues (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Multiple pathogenicity predictor scores from a known benign, a known pathogenic, and VUS Y189C were normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 1, 0 indicating more benign and 1 indicating more pathogenic (Harrison et al., 2024). To further investigate the structural impact of the variant, compared to the native type and to a known pathogenic missense swap, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were generated. Program inputs for the three-dimensional PSEN1 structure were formed from the AlphaFold model AF-A0A024R6A3-F1 using the YASARA program (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009). The three-dimensional structures for the unclassified variant Y189C and the pathogenic variant Y159C were formed by replacing the respective residue in the native protein structure (P49768-1) found in UniProt (Ahmad et al., 2025). Molecular dynamics with added transmembrane code inputs were set to simulate the movement of the protein over 20 nanoseconds in an aqueous environment. The RMSD values over time help to visualize structural changes (Figure 1E). These methods support further experimental studies to validate these findings in the context of acne inversa pathology.
","reagents":"","patternDescription":"The PSEN1 gene contains the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cutting apart other proteins to form peptides (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013a). The gamma-secretase complex is an important part of cell signaling pathways, including processing the amyloid precursor protein (associated with Alzheimer’s disease) and the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signaling pathway disruption due to mutations in PSEN1 contributes to the expression of acne inversa. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for the maintenance of the inner and outer root sheath in hair follicles and skin; disruption can result in abnormal skin cells and hair follicle growth, leading to physical abnormalities on the skin (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013b). Acne inversa is recognized as contributing to the lowest quality of life compared to other dermatological disorders such as Dowling-Degos disease, Adams-Oliver syndrome, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (Brandão et al., 2021). Diagnosis is associated with an increased comorbidity rate with mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression), a negative body image, and increased emotional difficulty for those diagnosed (Machado et al., 2019; Vellaichamy et al., 2021).
Using data collected from gnomAD, variant Y189C was selected because of its association with acne inversa and location outside the transmembrane (Figure 1A) (Bagaria et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2024). The swap from tyrosine to cysteine is a polar to nonpolar swap (Figure 1B) that occurs in a highly conserved area (Figure 1C). ConSurf conservation analysis confirmed that a mutation in position 189 would be impactful on the structure and function of the protein, as it showed position 189 to be highly conserved and buried (Figure 1C) (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Pathogenicity predictions from ConSurf have been shown to correlate well with in vitro results (Gay et al., 2024). Normalized scores from multiple in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools found the variant of uncertain significance (VUS) comparable to a known pathogenic (disease-causing) variant, and dissimilar to a known benign (not known to be disease-causing) variant (Figure 1D). A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was used to simulate the movement of the native type and VUS, along with a known pathogenic variant of the same amino acid swap in an aqueous environment over 20 ns. Analysis of the MDS results showed similarity in movement of the VUS and known pathogenic variant. A one-tailed paired difference t-test found the average difference in movement between the variant and the known pathogenic significantly less than the difference in movement between the variant and the native (p < 0.001). This indicates that there may be structural impacts similar to the known pathogenic variant that may lead to significant functional changes (Figure 1E). These results should motivate future investigations to further characterize unknown variants, leading to more knowledgeable patient diagnosis and the development of treatments or therapies for those with acne inversa.
","references":[{"reference":"Ahmad S, Jose da Costa Gonzales L, Bowler-Barnett EH, Rice DL, Kim M, Wijerathne S, et al., Zhang. 2025. The UniProt website API: facilitating programmatic access to protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 53: W547-W553.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf394"},{"reference":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. 2022. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 23(18): 10.3390/ijms231810970.
","pubmedId":"36142879","doi":""},{"reference":"Brandão LAC, Tricarico PM, Gratton R, Agrelli A, Zupin L, Abou-Saleh H, Moura R, Crovella S. 2021. Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 1523.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22041523"},{"reference":"Chen S, Francioli LC, Goodrich JK, Collins RL, Kanai M, Wang Q, et al., Karczewski. 2023. A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes. Nature 625: 92-100.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06045-0"},{"reference":"Gay C, Watford S, Johnson EB. 2024. Comparison of Variants of Uncertain Significance in Three Regions of the Human Glucokinase Protein Using In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus 16(9): e68638.
","pubmedId":"39371753","doi":""},{"reference":"Harrison PW, Amode MR, Austine-Orimoloye O, Azov AG, Barba M, Barnes I, et al., Yates. 2023. Ensembl 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52: D891-D899.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkad1049"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2015. New ways to boost molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 36: 996-1007.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/jcc.23899 "},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2014. YASARA View—molecular graphics for all devices—from smartphones to workstations. Bioinformatics 30: 2981-2982.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu426"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Joo K, Lee J, Lee J, Raman S, Thompson J, et al., Karplus. 2009. Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side‐chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77: 114-122.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"77:114-122.10.1002/prot.22570"},{"reference":"Landau M, Mayrose I, Rosenberg Y, Glaser F, Martz E, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. 2005. ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W299-W302.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki370"},{"reference":"Machado MO, Stergiopoulos V, Maes M, Kurdyak PA, Lin PY, Wang LJ, et al., Carvalho AF. 2019. Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 155(8): 939-945.
","pubmedId":"31166590","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 22(3): 172-7.
","pubmedId":"23489419","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch signalling: the unifying mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Br J Dermatol 168(4): 876-8.
","pubmedId":"23020871","doi":""},{"reference":"Pérez-Palma E, Gramm M, Nürnberg P, May P, Lal D. 2019. Simple ClinVar: an interactive web server to explore and retrieve gene and disease variants aggregated in ClinVar database. Nucleic Acids Research 47: W99-W105.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkz411"},{"reference":"Vellaichamy G, Dimitrion P, Zhou L, Ozog D, Lim HW, Liao W, Hamzavi IH, Mi QS. 2021. Insights from γ-Secretase: Functional Genetics of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 141(8): 1888-1896.
","pubmedId":"33836848","doi":""},{"reference":"Yariv B, Yariv E, Kessel A, Masrati G, Chorin AB, Martz E, et al., Ben‐Tal. 2023. Using evolutionary data to make sense of macromolecules with a “face‐lifted” ConSurf. Protein Science 32: 10.1002/pro.4582.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/pro.4582"}],"title":"In-silico characterization of PSEN1 missense variants associated with acne inversa
","reviews":[{"reviewer":{"displayName":"Walter Novak"},"openAcknowledgement":true,"status":{"submitted":true}}],"curatorReviews":[{"curator":{"displayName":"Daniela Raciti"},"openAcknowledgement":false,"submitted":null}]},{"id":"f7268f50-1f85-4367-b109-5764b5180c95","decision":"edit","abstract":"Acne inversa, or hidradenitis suppurativa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes painful and reoccurring abscesses. The PSEN1 gene is responsible for the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cleaving multiple peptides. Acne inversa occurs when the Notch signaling pathway of PSEN1 is disrupted. Analysis of multiple pathogenicity predictors and simulated aqueous environments of the transmembrane protein in its native state and mutated state through molecular dynamics simulation predicted deleterious effects from swap of tyrosine to cysteine at the highly conserved and buried position 189.
","acknowledgements":"","authors":[{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["dataCuration","formalAnalysis","investigation","methodology","validation","visualization","writing_originalDraft"],"email":"kgrissom3@una.edu","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Grissom","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Mathematics",""],"credit":["methodology","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","project","resources","software","dataCuration"],"email":"clstenger@una.edu","firstName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Stenger","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0001-7014-4243"},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"luptain@una.edu","firstName":"Lydia","lastName":"Uptain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0008-0478-6692"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 2120918. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/260e4e2331f63ff163affcc1c3827bdb.jpg"},"imageCaption":"A) 3D model of PSEN1 with transmembrane code generated in YASARA. The positions of Y159C (known pathogenic) and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) Y189C are shown directly outside of the transmembrane region. B) PSEN1 YASARA model. The top right image shows the native type in gray, and the bottom right image shows VUS Y189C in blue, found at the end of an alpha helix region. This YASARA model used a PDB file from UniProt (AF-A0A024R6A3-F1) and the swap feature in YASARA (Ahmad et al., 2025). C) ConSurf model of PSEN1 with the darker pink regions indicating higher conservation. VUS Y189C (see arrow) is found to be at level 8 on the conservation scale (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). D) Analysis of in-silico pathogenicity predictor tools SIFT, PolyPhen-2, REVEL, Meta LR, and Mutation Assessor from the Ensembl database (Harrison et al., 2024). Normalized scores reflect predictions of pathogenicity between a known benign variant in green, known pathogenic variant in red, and VUS in blue. The VUS Y189C has an equal or higher pathogenicity score compared to the known pathogenic variant across all predictor tools. E) The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results of the 20 nanosecond (ns) molecular dynamics simulation using a transmembrane model showed the movement of the VUS Y189C (in blue) is significantly closer in deviation to the movement of the pathogenic variant Y159C (in red) when compared to the movement of the the native type (in gray) (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009).
","imageTitle":"Characterization of Y189C
","methods":"Acne inversa is commonly associated with genetic variations of PSEN1; PSEN1 was chosen due to the high frequency of related clinical submissions in Simple ClinVar (Perez-Palma et al., 2019). Variants of PSEN1 were analyzed and the VUS resulting from a missense swap of tyrosine to cysteine at position 189 (Y189C) was chosen for study due to its structural nature, its structural similarities to Y159C, already classified as pathogenic (Bagaria et al., 2022), and its known association with acne inversa [accession ID - rcv001325814.7] (Chen et al., 2024). ConSurf modeling predicted conservation scores for position 189 over 150 homologues (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Multiple pathogenicity predictor scores from a known benign, a known pathogenic, and VUS Y189C were normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 1, 0 indicating more benign and 1 indicating more pathogenic (Harrison et al., 2024). To further investigate the structural impact of the variant, compared to the native type and to a known pathogenic missense swap, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were generated. Program inputs for the three-dimensional PSEN1 structure were formed from the AlphaFold model AF-A0A024R6A3-F1 using the YASARA program (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009). The three-dimensional structures for the unclassified variant Y189C and the pathogenic variant Y159C were formed by replacing the respective residue in the native protein structure (P49768-1) found in UniProt (Ahmad et al., 2025). Molecular dynamics with added transmembrane code inputs were set to simulate the movement of the protein over 20 nanoseconds in an aqueous environment. The RMSD values over time help to visualize structural changes (Figure 1E). These methods support further experimental studies to validate these findings in the context of acne inversa pathology.
","reagents":"","patternDescription":"The PSEN1 gene contains the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cutting apart other proteins to form peptides (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013a). The gamma-secretase complex is an important part of cell signaling pathways, including processing the amyloid precursor protein (associated with Alzheimer’s disease) and the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signaling pathway disruption due to mutations in PSEN1 contributes to the expression of acne inversa. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for the maintenance of the inner and outer root sheath in hair follicles and skin; disruption can result in abnormal skin cells and hair follicle growth, leading to physical abnormalities on the skin (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013b). Acne inversa is recognized as contributing to the lowest quality of life compared to other dermatological disorders such as Dowling-Degos disease, Adams-Oliver syndrome, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (Brandão et al., 2021). Diagnosis is associated with an increased comorbidity rate with mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression), a negative body image, and increased emotional difficulty for those diagnosed (Machado et al., 2019; Vellaichamy et al., 2021).
Using data collected from gnomAD, variant Y189C was selected because of its association with acne inversa and location outside the transmembrane (Figure 1A) (Bagaria et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2024). The swap from tyrosine to cysteine is a polar to nonpolar swap (Figure 1B) that occurs in a highly conserved area (Figure 1C). ConSurf conservation analysis confirmed that a mutation in position 189 would be impactful on the structure and function of the protein, as it showed position 189 to be highly conserved and buried (Figure 1C) (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Pathogenicity predictions from ConSurf have been shown to correlate well with in vitro results (Gay et al., 2024). Normalized scores from multiple in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools found the variant of uncertain significance (VUS) comparable to a known pathogenic (disease-causing) variant, and dissimilar to a known benign (not known to be disease-causing) variant (Figure 1D). A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was used to simulate the movement of the native type and VUS, along with a known pathogenic variant of the same amino acid swap in an aqueous environment over 20 ns. Analysis of the MDS results showed similarity in movement of the VUS and known pathogenic variant. A one-tailed paired difference t-test found the average difference in movement between the variant and the known pathogenic significantly less than the difference in movement between the variant and the native (p < 0.001). This indicates that there may be structural impacts similar to the known pathogenic variant that may lead to significant functional changes (Figure 1E). These results should motivate future investigations to further characterize unknown variants, leading to more knowledgeable patient diagnosis and the development of treatments or therapies for those with acne inversa.
","references":[{"reference":"Ahmad S, Jose da Costa Gonzales L, Bowler-Barnett EH, Rice DL, Kim M, Wijerathne S, et al., Zhang. 2025. The UniProt website API: facilitating programmatic access to protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 53: W547-W553.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf394"},{"reference":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. 2022. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 23(18): 10.3390/ijms231810970.
","pubmedId":"36142879","doi":""},{"reference":"Brandão LAC, Tricarico PM, Gratton R, Agrelli A, Zupin L, Abou-Saleh H, Moura R, Crovella S. 2021. Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 1523.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22041523"},{"reference":"Chen S, Francioli LC, Goodrich JK, Collins RL, Kanai M, Wang Q, et al., Karczewski. 2023. A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes. Nature 625: 92-100.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06045-0"},{"reference":"Gay C, Watford S, Johnson EB. 2024. Comparison of Variants of Uncertain Significance in Three Regions of the Human Glucokinase Protein Using In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus 16(9): e68638.
","pubmedId":"39371753","doi":""},{"reference":"Harrison PW, Amode MR, Austine-Orimoloye O, Azov AG, Barba M, Barnes I, et al., Yates. 2023. Ensembl 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52: D891-D899.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkad1049"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2015. New ways to boost molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 36: 996-1007.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/jcc.23899 "},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2014. YASARA View—molecular graphics for all devices—from smartphones to workstations. Bioinformatics 30: 2981-2982.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu426"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Joo K, Lee J, Lee J, Raman S, Thompson J, et al., Karplus. 2009. Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side‐chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77: 114-122.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"77:114-122.10.1002/prot.22570"},{"reference":"Landau M, Mayrose I, Rosenberg Y, Glaser F, Martz E, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. 2005. ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W299-W302.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki370"},{"reference":"Machado MO, Stergiopoulos V, Maes M, Kurdyak PA, Lin PY, Wang LJ, et al., Carvalho AF. 2019. Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 155(8): 939-945.
","pubmedId":"31166590","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 22(3): 172-7.
","pubmedId":"23489419","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch signalling: the unifying mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Br J Dermatol 168(4): 876-8.
","pubmedId":"23020871","doi":""},{"reference":"Pérez-Palma E, Gramm M, Nürnberg P, May P, Lal D. 2019. Simple ClinVar: an interactive web server to explore and retrieve gene and disease variants aggregated in ClinVar database. Nucleic Acids Research 47: W99-W105.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkz411"},{"reference":"Vellaichamy G, Dimitrion P, Zhou L, Ozog D, Lim HW, Liao W, Hamzavi IH, Mi QS. 2021. Insights from γ-Secretase: Functional Genetics of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 141(8): 1888-1896.
","pubmedId":"33836848","doi":""},{"reference":"Yariv B, Yariv E, Kessel A, Masrati G, Chorin AB, Martz E, et al., Ben‐Tal. 2023. Using evolutionary data to make sense of macromolecules with a “face‐lifted” ConSurf. Protein Science 32: 10.1002/pro.4582.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/pro.4582"}],"title":"In-silico characterization of PSEN1 missense variants associated with acne inversa
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"8b196a4d-9efa-4f51-b785-699ab43c2ea6","decision":"revise","abstract":"Acne inversa, or hidradenitis suppurativa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes painful and reoccurring abscesses. The PSEN1 gene is responsible for the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cleaving multiple peptides. Acne inversa occurs when the Notch signaling pathway of PSEN1 is disrupted. Analysis of multiple pathogenicity predictors and simulated aqueous environments of the transmembrane protein in its native state and mutated state through molecular dynamics simulation predicted deleterious effects from swap of tyrosine to cysteine at the highly conserved and buried position 189.
","acknowledgements":"","authors":[{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["dataCuration","formalAnalysis","investigation","methodology","validation","visualization","writing_originalDraft"],"email":"kgrissom3@una.edu","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Grissom","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Mathematics",""],"credit":["methodology","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","project","resources","software","dataCuration"],"email":"clstenger@una.edu","firstName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Stenger","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0001-7014-4243"},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"luptain@una.edu","firstName":"Lydia","lastName":"Uptain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0008-0478-6692"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 2120918. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/260e4e2331f63ff163affcc1c3827bdb.jpg"},"imageCaption":"A) 3D model of PSEN1 with transmembrane code generated in YASARA. The positions of Y159C (known pathogenic) and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) Y189C are shown directly outside of the transmembrane region. B) PSEN1 YASARA model. The top right image shows the native type in gray, and the bottom right image shows VUS Y189C in blue, found at the end of an alpha helix region. This YASARA model used a PDB file from UniProt (AF-A0A024R6A3-F1) and the swap feature in YASARA (Ahmad et al., 2025). C) ConSurf model of PSEN1 with the darker pink regions indicating higher conservation. VUS Y189C (see arrow) is found to be at level 8 on the conservation scale (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). D) Analysis of in-silico pathogenicity predictor tools SIFT, PolyPhen-2, REVEL, Meta LR, and Mutation Assessor from the Ensembl database (Harrison et al., 2024). Normalized scores reflect predictions of pathogenicity between a known benign variant in green, known pathogenic variant in red, and VUS in blue. The VUS Y189C has an equal or higher pathogenicity score compared to the known pathogenic variant across all predictor tools. E) The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results of the 20 nanosecond (ns) molecular dynamics simulation using a transmembrane model showed the movement of the VUS Y189C (in blue) is significantly closer in deviation to the movement of the pathogenic variant Y159C (in red) when compared to the movement of the the native type (in gray) (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009).
","imageTitle":"Characterization of Y189C
","methods":"Acne inversa is commonly associated with genetic variations of PSEN1; PSEN1 was chosen due to the high frequency of related clinical submissions in Simple ClinVar (Perez-Palma et al., 2019). Variants of PSEN1 were analyzed and the VUS resulting from a missense swap of tyrosine to cysteine at position 189 (Y189C) was chosen for study due to its structural nature, its structural similarities to Y159C, already classified as pathogenic (Bagaria et al., 2022), and its known association with acne inversa [accession ID - rcv001325814.7] (Chen et al., 2024). ConSurf modeling predicted conservation scores for position 189 over 150 homologues (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Multiple pathogenicity predictor scores from a known benign, a known pathogenic, and VUS Y189C were normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 1, 0 indicating more benign and 1 indicating more pathogenic (Harrison et al., 2024). To further investigate the structural impact of the variant, compared to the native type and to a known pathogenic missense swap, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were generated. Program inputs for the three-dimensional PSEN1 structure were formed from the AlphaFold model AF-A0A024R6A3-F1 using the YASARA program (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009). The three-dimensional structures for the unclassified variant Y189C and the pathogenic variant Y159C were formed by replacing the respective residue in the native protein structure (P49768-1) found in UniProt (Ahmad et al., 2025). Molecular dynamics with added transmembrane code inputs were set to simulate the movement of the protein over 20 nanoseconds in an aqueous environment. The RMSD values over time help to visualize structural changes (Figure 1E). These methods support further experimental studies to validate these findings in the context of acne inversa pathology.
","reagents":"","patternDescription":"
The PSEN1 gene contains the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cutting apart other proteins to form peptides (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013a). The gamma-secretase complex is an important part of cell signaling pathways, including processing the amyloid precursor protein (associated with Alzheimer’s disease) and the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signaling pathway disruption due to mutations in PSEN1 contributes to the expression of acne inversa. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for the maintenance of the inner and outer root sheath in hair follicles and skin; disruption can result in abnormal skin cells and hair follicle growth, leading to physical abnormalities on the skin (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013b). Acne inversa is recognized as contributing to the lowest quality of life compared to other dermatological disorders such as Dowling-Degos disease, Adams-Oliver syndrome, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (Brandão et al., 2021). Diagnosis is associated with an increased comorbidity rate with mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression), a negative body image, and increased emotional difficulty for those diagnosed (Machado et al., 2019; Vellaichamy et al., 2021).
Using data collected from gnomAD, variant Y189C was selected because of its association with acne inversa and location outside the transmembrane (Figure 1A) (Bagaria et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2024). The swap from tyrosine to cysteine is a polar to nonpolar swap (Figure 1B) that occurs in a highly conserved area (Figure 1C). ConSurf conservation analysis confirmed that a mutation in position 189 would be impactful on the structure and function of the protein, as it showed position 189 to be highly conserved and buried (Figure 1C) (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Pathogenicity predictions from ConSurf have been shown to correlate well with in vitro results (Gay et al., 2024). Normalized scores from multiple in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools found the variant of uncertain significance (VUS) comparable to a known pathogenic (disease-causing) variant, and dissimilar to a known benign (not known to be disease-causing) variant (Figure 1D). A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was used to simulate the movement of the native type and VUS, along with a known pathogenic variant of the same amino acid swap in an aqueous environment over 20 ns. Analysis of the MDS results showed similarity in movement of the VUS and known pathogenic variant. A one-tailed paired difference t-test found the average difference in movement between the variant and the known pathogenic significantly less than the difference in movement between the variant and the native (p < 0.001). This indicates that there may be structural impacts similar to the known pathogenic variant that may lead to significant functional changes (Figure 1E). These results should motivate future investigations to further characterize unknown variants, leading to more knowledgeable patient diagnosis and the development of treatments or therapies for those with acne inversa.
","references":[{"reference":"Ahmad S, Jose da Costa Gonzales L, Bowler-Barnett EH, Rice DL, Kim M, Wijerathne S, et al., Zhang. 2025. The UniProt website API: facilitating programmatic access to protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 53: W547-W553.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf394"},{"reference":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. 2022. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 23(18): 10.3390/ijms231810970.
","pubmedId":"36142879","doi":""},{"reference":"Brandão LAC, Tricarico PM, Gratton R, Agrelli A, Zupin L, Abou-Saleh H, Moura R, Crovella S. 2021. Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 1523.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22041523"},{"reference":"Chen S, Francioli LC, Goodrich JK, Collins RL, Kanai M, Wang Q, et al., Karczewski. 2023. A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes. Nature 625: 92-100.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06045-0"},{"reference":"Gay C, Watford S, Johnson EB. 2024. Comparison of Variants of Uncertain Significance in Three Regions of the Human Glucokinase Protein Using In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus 16(9): e68638.
","pubmedId":"39371753","doi":""},{"reference":"Harrison PW, Amode MR, Austine-Orimoloye O, Azov AG, Barba M, Barnes I, et al., Yates. 2023. Ensembl 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52: D891-D899.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkad1049"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2015. New ways to boost molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 36: 996-1007.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/jcc.23899 "},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2014. YASARA View—molecular graphics for all devices—from smartphones to workstations. Bioinformatics 30: 2981-2982.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu426"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Joo K, Lee J, Lee J, Raman S, Thompson J, et al., Karplus. 2009. Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side‐chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77: 114-122.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"77:114-122.10.1002/prot.22570"},{"reference":"Landau M, Mayrose I, Rosenberg Y, Glaser F, Martz E, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. 2005. ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W299-W302.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki370"},{"reference":"Machado MO, Stergiopoulos V, Maes M, Kurdyak PA, Lin PY, Wang LJ, et al., Carvalho AF. 2019. Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 155(8): 939-945.
","pubmedId":"31166590","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 22(3): 172-7.
","pubmedId":"23489419","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch signalling: the unifying mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Br J Dermatol 168(4): 876-8.
","pubmedId":"23020871","doi":""},{"reference":"Pérez-Palma E, Gramm M, Nürnberg P, May P, Lal D. 2019. Simple ClinVar: an interactive web server to explore and retrieve gene and disease variants aggregated in ClinVar database. Nucleic Acids Research 47: W99-W105.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkz411"},{"reference":"Vellaichamy G, Dimitrion P, Zhou L, Ozog D, Lim HW, Liao W, Hamzavi IH, Mi QS. 2021. Insights from γ-Secretase: Functional Genetics of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 141(8): 1888-1896.
","pubmedId":"33836848","doi":""},{"reference":"Yariv B, Yariv E, Kessel A, Masrati G, Chorin AB, Martz E, et al., Ben‐Tal. 2023. Using evolutionary data to make sense of macromolecules with a “face‐lifted” ConSurf. Protein Science 32: 10.1002/pro.4582.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/pro.4582"}],"title":"In-silico characterization of PSEN1 missense variants associated with acne inversa
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"51a2fbaf-c170-4209-b8ac-ca10e7c8d346","decision":"revise","abstract":"Acne inversa, or hidradenitis suppurativa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes painful and reoccurring abscesses. The PSEN1 gene is responsible for the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cleaving multiple peptides. Acne inversa occurs when the Notch signaling pathway of PSEN1 is disrupted. Analysis of multiple pathogenicity predictors and simulated aqueous environments of the transmembrane protein in its native state and mutated state through molecular dynamics simulation predicted deleterious effects from swap of tyrosine to cysteine at the highly conserved and buried position 189.
","acknowledgements":"","authors":[{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["dataCuration","formalAnalysis","investigation","methodology","validation","visualization","writing_originalDraft"],"email":"kgrissom3@una.edu","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Grissom","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Mathematics",""],"credit":["methodology","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","project","resources","software","dataCuration"],"email":"clstenger@una.edu","firstName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Stenger","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0001-7014-4243"},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"luptain@una.edu","firstName":"Lydia","lastName":"Uptain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0008-0478-6692"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 2120918. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/690ddfb34f001ae9502b698abcb32cee.png"},"imageCaption":"A) 3D model of PSEN1 with transmembrane code generated in YASARA. The positions of Y159C (known pathogenic) and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) Y189C are shown directly outside of the transmembrane region. B) PSEN1 YASARA model. The top right image shows the native type in gray, and the bottom right image shows VUS Y189C in blue, found at the end of an alpha helix region. This YASARA model used a PDB file from UniProt (AF-A0A024R6A3-F1) and the swap feature in YASARA (Ahmad et al., 2025). C) ConSurf model of PSEN1 with the darker pink regions indicating higher conservation. VUS Y189C (see arrow) is found to be at level 8 on the conservation scale (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). D) Analysis of in-silico pathogenicity predictor tools SIFT, PolyPhen-2, REVEL, Meta LR, and Mutation Assessor from the Ensembl database (Harrison et al., 2024). Normalized scores reflect predictions of pathogenicity between a known benign variant in green, known pathogenic variant in red, and VUS in blue. The VUS Y189C has an equal or higher pathogenicity score compared to the known pathogenic variant across all predictor tools. E) The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results of the 20 nanosecond (ns) molecular dynamics simulation using a transmembrane model showed the movement of the VUS Y189C (in blue) is significantly closer in deviation to the movement of the pathogenic variant Y159C (in red) when compared to the movement of the the native type (in gray) (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009).
","imageTitle":"Characterization of Y189C
","methods":"Acne inversa is commonly associated with genetic variations of PSEN1; PSEN1 was chosen due to the high frequency of related clinical submissions in Simple ClinVar (Perez-Palma et al., 2019). Variants of PSEN1 were analyzed and the VUS resulting from a missense swap of tyrosine to cysteine at position 189 (Y189C) was chosen for study due to its structural nature, its structural similarities to Y159C, already classified as pathogenic (Bagaria et al., 2022), and its known association with acne inversa [accession ID - rcv001325814.7] (Chen et al., 2024). ConSurf modeling predicted conservation scores for position 189 over 150 homologues (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Multiple pathogenicity predictor scores from a known benign, a known pathogenic, and VUS Y189C were normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 1, 0 indicating more benign and 1 indicating more pathogenic (Harrison et al., 2024). To further investigate the structural impact of the variant, compared to the native type and to a known pathogenic missense swap, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were generated. Program inputs for the three-dimensional PSEN1 structure were formed from the AlphaFold model AF-A0A024R6A3-F1 using the YASARA program (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009). The three-dimensional structures for the unclassified variant Y189C and the pathogenic variant Y159C were formed by replacing the respective residue in the native protein structure (P49768-1) found in UniProt (Ahmad et al., 2025). Molecular dynamics with added transmembrane code inputs were set to simulate the movement of the protein over 20 nanoseconds in an aqueous environment. The RMSD values over time help to visualize structural changes (Figure 1E). These methods support further experimental studies to validate these findings in the context of acne inversa pathology.
","reagents":"","patternDescription":"
The PSEN1 gene contains the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cutting apart other proteins to form peptides (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013a). The gamma-secretase complex is an important part of cell signaling pathways, including processing the amyloid precursor protein (associated with Alzheimer’s disease) and the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signaling pathway disruption due to mutations in PSEN1 contributes to the expression of acne inversa. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for the maintenance of the inner and outer root sheath in hair follicles and skin; disruption can result in abnormal skin cells and hair follicle growth, leading to physical abnormalities on the skin (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013b). Acne inversa is recognized as contributing to the lowest quality of life compared to other dermatological disorders such as Dowling-Degos disease, Adams-Oliver syndrome, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (Brandão et al., 2021). Diagnosis is associated with an increased comorbidity rate with mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression), a negative body image, and increased emotional difficulty for those diagnosed (Machado et al., 2019; Vellaichamy et al., 2021).
Using data collected from gnomAD, variant Y189C was selected because of its association with acne inversa and location outside the transmembrane (Figure 1A) (Bagaria et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2024). The swap from tyrosine to cysteine is a polar to nonpolar swap (Figure 1B) that occurs in a highly conserved area (Figure 1C). ConSurf conservation analysis confirmed that a mutation in position 189 would be impactful on the structure and function of the protein, as it showed position 189 to be highly conserved and buried (Figure 1C) (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Pathogenicity predictions from ConSurf have been shown to correlate well with in vitro results (Gay et al., 2024). Normalized scores from multiple in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools found the variant of uncertain significance (VUS) comparable to a known pathogenic (disease-causing) variant, and dissimilar to a known benign (not known to be disease-causing) variant (Figure 1D). A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was used to simulate the movement of the native type and VUS, along with a known pathogenic variant of the same amino acid swap in an aqueous environment over 20 ns. Analysis of the MDS results showed similarity in movement of the VUS and known pathogenic variant. A one-tailed paired difference t-test found the average difference in movement between the variant and the known pathogenic significantly less than the difference in movement between the variant and the native (p < 0.001). This indicates that there may be structural impacts similar to the known pathogenic variant that may lead to significant functional changes (Figure 1E). These results should motivate future investigations to further characterize unknown variants, leading to more knowledgeable patient diagnosis and the development of treatments or therapies for those with acne inversa.
","references":[{"reference":"Ahmad S, Jose da Costa Gonzales L, Bowler-Barnett EH, Rice DL, Kim M, Wijerathne S, et al., Zhang. 2025. The UniProt website API: facilitating programmatic access to protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 53: W547-W553.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf394"},{"reference":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. 2022. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 23(18): 10.3390/ijms231810970.
","pubmedId":"36142879","doi":""},{"reference":"Brandão LAC, Tricarico PM, Gratton R, Agrelli A, Zupin L, Abou-Saleh H, Moura R, Crovella S. 2021. Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 1523.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22041523"},{"reference":"Chen S, Francioli LC, Goodrich JK, Collins RL, Kanai M, Wang Q, et al., Karczewski. 2023. A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes. Nature 625: 92-100.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06045-0"},{"reference":"Gay C, Watford S, Johnson EB. 2024. Comparison of Variants of Uncertain Significance in Three Regions of the Human Glucokinase Protein Using In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus 16(9): e68638.
","pubmedId":"39371753","doi":""},{"reference":"Harrison PW, Amode MR, Austine-Orimoloye O, Azov AG, Barba M, Barnes I, et al., Yates. 2023. Ensembl 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52: D891-D899.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkad1049"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2015. New ways to boost molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 36: 996-1007.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/jcc.23899 "},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2014. YASARA View—molecular graphics for all devices—from smartphones to workstations. Bioinformatics 30: 2981-2982.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu426"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Joo K, Lee J, Lee J, Raman S, Thompson J, et al., Karplus. 2009. Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side‐chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77: 114-122.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"77:114-122.10.1002/prot.22570"},{"reference":"Landau M, Mayrose I, Rosenberg Y, Glaser F, Martz E, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. 2005. ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W299-W302.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki370"},{"reference":"Machado MO, Stergiopoulos V, Maes M, Kurdyak PA, Lin PY, Wang LJ, et al., Carvalho AF. 2019. Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 155(8): 939-945.
","pubmedId":"31166590","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 22(3): 172-7.
","pubmedId":"23489419","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch signalling: the unifying mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Br J Dermatol 168(4): 876-8.
","pubmedId":"23020871","doi":""},{"reference":"Pérez-Palma E, Gramm M, Nürnberg P, May P, Lal D. 2019. Simple ClinVar: an interactive web server to explore and retrieve gene and disease variants aggregated in ClinVar database. Nucleic Acids Research 47: W99-W105.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkz411"},{"reference":"Vellaichamy G, Dimitrion P, Zhou L, Ozog D, Lim HW, Liao W, Hamzavi IH, Mi QS. 2021. Insights from γ-Secretase: Functional Genetics of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 141(8): 1888-1896.
","pubmedId":"33836848","doi":""},{"reference":"Yariv B, Yariv E, Kessel A, Masrati G, Chorin AB, Martz E, et al., Ben‐Tal. 2023. Using evolutionary data to make sense of macromolecules with a “face‐lifted” ConSurf. Protein Science 32: 10.1002/pro.4582.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/pro.4582"}],"title":"In-silico characterization of PSEN1 missense variants associated with acne inversa
","reviews":[],"curatorReviews":[]},{"id":"a661a79a-8179-4375-975f-ca7bb7981e6a","decision":"publish","abstract":"Acne inversa, or hidradenitis suppurativa, is a chronic inflammatory skin disorder that causes painful and reoccurring abscesses. The PSEN1 gene is responsible for the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cleaving multiple peptides. Acne inversa occurs when the Notch signaling pathway of PSEN1 is disrupted. Analysis of multiple pathogenicity predictors and simulated aqueous environments of the transmembrane protein in its native state and mutated state through molecular dynamics simulation predicted deleterious effects from swap of tyrosine to cysteine at the highly conserved and buried position 189.
","acknowledgements":"","authors":[{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["dataCuration","formalAnalysis","investigation","methodology","validation","visualization","writing_originalDraft"],"email":"kgrissom3@una.edu","firstName":"Kate","lastName":"Grissom","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":null},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Mathematics",""],"credit":["methodology","writing_reviewEditing","supervision","project","resources","software","dataCuration"],"email":"clstenger@una.edu","firstName":"Cynthia","lastName":"Stenger","submittingAuthor":true,"correspondingAuthor":true,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0000-0001-7014-4243"},{"affiliations":["University of North Alabama, Florence, AL, USA"],"departments":["Biology"],"credit":["writing_reviewEditing"],"email":"luptain@una.edu","firstName":"Lydia","lastName":"Uptain","submittingAuthor":false,"correspondingAuthor":false,"equalContribution":false,"WBId":null,"orcid":"0009-0008-0478-6692"}],"awards":[],"conflictsOfInterest":"The authors declare that there are no conflicts of interest present.
","dataTable":{"url":null},"extendedData":[],"funding":"This work was supported in part by the National Science Foundation under Grant Number 2120918. Any opinions, findings, conclusions, or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
","image":{"url":"https://portal.micropublication.org/uploads/3a698b05ca0ff021112a552da5df1c4b.png"},"imageCaption":"A) 3D model of PSEN1 with transmembrane code generated in YASARA. The positions of Y159C (known pathogenic) and variant of uncertain significance (VUS) Y189C are shown directly outside of the transmembrane region. B) PSEN1 YASARA model. The top right image shows the native type in gray, and the bottom right image shows VUS Y189C in blue, found at the end of an alpha helix region. This YASARA model used a PDB file from UniProt (AF-A0A024R6A3-F1) and the swap feature in YASARA (Ahmad et al., 2025). C) ConSurf model of PSEN1 with the darker pink regions indicating higher conservation. VUS Y189C (see arrow) is found to be at level 8 on the conservation scale (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). D) Analysis of in-silico pathogenicity predictor tools SIFT, PolyPhen-2, REVEL, Meta LR, and Mutation Assessor from the Ensembl database (Harrison et al., 2024). Normalized scores reflect predictions of pathogenicity between a known benign variant in green, known pathogenic variant in red, and VUS in blue. The VUS Y189C has an equal or higher pathogenicity score compared to the known pathogenic variant across all predictor tools. E) The Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) results of the 20 nanosecond (ns) molecular dynamics simulation using a transmembrane model showed the movement of the VUS Y189C (in blue) is significantly closer in deviation to the movement of the pathogenic variant Y159C (in red) when compared to the movement of the the native type (in gray) (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009).
","imageTitle":"Characterization of Y189C
","methods":"Acne inversa is commonly associated with genetic variations of PSEN1; PSEN1 was chosen due to the high frequency of related clinical submissions in Simple ClinVar (Perez-Palma et al., 2019). Variants of PSEN1 were analyzed and the VUS resulting from a missense swap of tyrosine to cysteine at position 189 (Y189C) was chosen for study due to its structural nature, its structural similarities to Y159C, already classified as pathogenic (Bagaria et al., 2022), and its known association with acne inversa [accession ID - rcv001325814.7] (Chen et al., 2024). ConSurf modeling predicted conservation scores for position 189 over 150 homologues (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Multiple pathogenicity predictor scores from a known benign, a known pathogenic, and VUS Y189C were normalized to a scale ranging from 0 to 1, 0 indicating more benign and 1 indicating more pathogenic (Harrison et al., 2024). To further investigate the structural impact of the variant, compared to the native type and to a known pathogenic missense swap, molecular dynamics simulations (MDS) were generated. Program inputs for the three-dimensional PSEN1 structure were formed from the AlphaFold model AF-A0A024R6A3-F1 using the YASARA program (Krieger & Vriend, 2015; Krieger & Vriend, 2014; Krieger et al., 2009). The three-dimensional structures for the unclassified variant Y189C and the pathogenic variant Y159C were formed by replacing the respective residue in the native protein structure (P49768-1) found in UniProt (Ahmad et al., 2025). Molecular dynamics with added transmembrane code inputs were set to simulate the movement of the protein over 20 nanoseconds in an aqueous environment. The RMSD values over time help to visualize structural changes (Figure 1E). These methods support further experimental studies to validate these findings in the context of acne inversa pathology.
","reagents":"","patternDescription":"
The PSEN1 gene contains the sequence coding for the presenilin 1 protein, which is part of the gamma-secretase complex and is responsible for cutting apart other proteins to form peptides (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013a). The gamma-secretase complex is an important part of cell signaling pathways, including processing the amyloid precursor protein (associated with Alzheimer’s disease) and the Notch signaling pathway. Notch signaling pathway disruption due to mutations in PSEN1 contributes to the expression of acne inversa. The Notch signaling pathway is crucial for the maintenance of the inner and outer root sheath in hair follicles and skin; disruption can result in abnormal skin cells and hair follicle growth, leading to physical abnormalities on the skin (Melnik & Pelwig, 2013b). Acne inversa is recognized as contributing to the lowest quality of life compared to other dermatological disorders such as Dowling-Degos disease, Adams-Oliver syndrome, psoriasis, and atopic dermatitis (Brandão et al., 2021). Diagnosis is associated with an increased comorbidity rate with mental health disorders (e.g. anxiety, depression), a negative body image, and increased emotional difficulty for those diagnosed (Machado et al., 2019; Vellaichamy et al., 2021).
Using data collected from gnomAD, variant Y189C was selected because of its association with acne inversa and location outside the transmembrane (Figure 1A) (Bagaria et al., 2022; Chen et al., 2024). The swap from tyrosine to cysteine is a polar to nonpolar swap (Figure 1B) that occurs in a highly conserved area (Figure 1C). ConSurf conservation analysis confirmed that a mutation in position 189 would be impactful on the structure and function of the protein, as it showed position 189 to be highly conserved and buried (Figure 1C) (Yariv et al., 2023; Landau et al., 2005). Pathogenicity predictions from ConSurf have been shown to correlate well with in vitro results (Gay et al., 2024). Normalized scores from multiple in-silico pathogenicity prediction tools found the variant of uncertain significance (VUS) comparable to a known pathogenic (disease-causing) variant, and dissimilar to a known benign (not known to be disease-causing) variant (Figure 1D). A molecular dynamics simulation (MDS) was used to simulate the movement of the native type and VUS, along with a known pathogenic variant of the same amino acid swap in an aqueous environment over 20 ns. Analysis of the MDS results showed similarity in movement of the VUS and known pathogenic variant. A one-tailed paired difference t-test found the average difference in movement between the variant and the known pathogenic significantly less than the difference in movement between the variant and the native (p < 0.001). This indicates that there may be structural impacts similar to the known pathogenic variant that may lead to significant functional changes (Figure 1E). These results should motivate future investigations to further characterize unknown variants, leading to more knowledgeable patient diagnosis and the development of treatments or therapies for those with acne inversa.
","references":[{"reference":"Ahmad S, Jose da Costa Gonzales L, Bowler-Barnett EH, Rice DL, Kim M, Wijerathne S, et al., Zhang. 2025. The UniProt website API: facilitating programmatic access to protein knowledge. Nucleic Acids Research 53: W547-W553.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkaf394"},{"reference":"Bagaria J, Bagyinszky E, An SSA. 2022. Genetics, Functions, and Clinical Impact of Presenilin-1 (PSEN1) Gene. Int J Mol Sci 23(18): 10.3390/ijms231810970.
","pubmedId":"36142879","doi":""},{"reference":"Brandão LAC, Tricarico PM, Gratton R, Agrelli A, Zupin L, Abou-Saleh H, Moura R, Crovella S. 2021. Multiomics Integration in Skin Diseases with Alterations in Notch Signaling Pathway: PlatOMICs Phase 1 Deployment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22: 1523.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.3390/ijms22041523"},{"reference":"Chen S, Francioli LC, Goodrich JK, Collins RL, Kanai M, Wang Q, et al., Karczewski. 2023. A genomic mutational constraint map using variation in 76,156 human genomes. Nature 625: 92-100.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1038/s41586-023-06045-0"},{"reference":"Gay C, Watford S, Johnson EB. 2024. Comparison of Variants of Uncertain Significance in Three Regions of the Human Glucokinase Protein Using In Vitro and In Silico Analyses. Cureus 16(9): e68638.
","pubmedId":"39371753","doi":""},{"reference":"Harrison PW, Amode MR, Austine-Orimoloye O, Azov AG, Barba M, Barnes I, et al., Yates. 2023. Ensembl 2024. Nucleic Acids Research 52: D891-D899.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkad1049"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2015. New ways to boost molecular dynamics simulations. Journal of Computational Chemistry 36: 996-1007.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/jcc.23899 "},{"reference":"Krieger E, Vriend G. 2014. YASARA View—molecular graphics for all devices—from smartphones to workstations. Bioinformatics 30: 2981-2982.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/bioinformatics/btu426"},{"reference":"Krieger E, Joo K, Lee J, Lee J, Raman S, Thompson J, et al., Karplus. 2009. Improving physical realism, stereochemistry, and side‐chain accuracy in homology modeling: Four approaches that performed well in CASP8. Proteins: Structure, Function, and Bioinformatics 77: 114-122.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"77:114-122.10.1002/prot.22570"},{"reference":"Landau M, Mayrose I, Rosenberg Y, Glaser F, Martz E, Pupko T, Ben-Tal N. 2005. ConSurf 2005: the projection of evolutionary conservation scores of residues on protein structures. Nucleic Acids Research 33: W299-W302.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gki370"},{"reference":"Machado MO, Stergiopoulos V, Maes M, Kurdyak PA, Lin PY, Wang LJ, et al., Carvalho AF. 2019. Depression and Anxiety in Adults With Hidradenitis Suppurativa: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. JAMA Dermatol 155(8): 939-945.
","pubmedId":"31166590","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch-MKP-1 signalling in hidradenitis suppurativa: an approach to pathogenesis by evidence from translational biology. Exp Dermatol 22(3): 172-7.
","pubmedId":"23489419","doi":""},{"reference":"Melnik BC, Plewig G. 2013. Impaired Notch signalling: the unifying mechanism explaining the pathogenesis of hidradenitis suppurativa (acne inversa). Br J Dermatol 168(4): 876-8.
","pubmedId":"23020871","doi":""},{"reference":"Pérez-Palma E, Gramm M, Nürnberg P, May P, Lal D. 2019. Simple ClinVar: an interactive web server to explore and retrieve gene and disease variants aggregated in ClinVar database. Nucleic Acids Research 47: W99-W105.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1093/nar/gkz411"},{"reference":"Vellaichamy G, Dimitrion P, Zhou L, Ozog D, Lim HW, Liao W, Hamzavi IH, Mi QS. 2021. Insights from γ-Secretase: Functional Genetics of Hidradenitis Suppurativa. J Invest Dermatol 141(8): 1888-1896.
","pubmedId":"33836848","doi":""},{"reference":"Yariv B, Yariv E, Kessel A, Masrati G, Chorin AB, Martz E, et al., Ben‐Tal. 2023. Using evolutionary data to make sense of macromolecules with a “face‐lifted” ConSurf. Protein Science 32: 10.1002/pro.4582.
","pubmedId":"","doi":"10.1002/pro.4582"}],"title":"In-silico characterization of PSEN1 missense variants associated with acne inversa
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